Current Ratio
$$\text{Current Ratio} = \frac{\text{Current Assets}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}$$
What is Current Ratio?
The current ratio divides a company's current assets (cash, receivables, inventory — anything convertible to cash within 12 months) by its current liabilities (accounts payable, short-term debt, accrued expenses — obligations due within 12 months). The result shows how many dollars of liquid assets cover each dollar of short-term obligations.
A current ratio above 1.0 means the company can theoretically meet all short-term obligations using its liquid assets. A ratio below 1.0 — sometimes called a working capital deficit — means current liabilities exceed current assets, which signals reliance on future cash generation or credit facilities to meet near-term payments.
The current ratio is one of three core liquidity ratios. The quick ratio (or acid test) excludes inventory, which may not be quickly liquidable. The cash ratio is the most stringent, counting only cash and cash equivalents. Each gives a progressively more conservative view of short-term solvency.
When to use Current Ratio
Use the current ratio for a quick liquidity health check when reviewing a company's balance sheet. A ratio of 1.5–2.5 is generally considered healthy for most industrial companies. For retail businesses with fast inventory turnover, 1.2 may be adequate. SaaS and service businesses with minimal inventory often maintain ratios above 3. Lenders and credit analysts use it to set short-term debt covenants.
Worked examples
| Current Assets | Current Liabilities | Current Ratio | Liquidity Signal |
|---|---|---|---|
| $5,000,000 | $2,000,000 | 2.50 | Strong — ample buffer |
| $3,000,000 | $2,500,000 | 1.20 | Adequate — monitor closely |
| $1,800,000 | $2,200,000 | 0.82 | Weak — working capital deficit |
| $500,000 | $500,000 | 1.00 | Break-even — zero buffer |
Common pitfalls
A high current ratio is not always positive. A ratio of 5.0 may indicate the company is holding excessive cash or has slow-moving inventory — signs of poor capital efficiency. A falling ratio over time can indicate improving efficiency (moving faster) or deteriorating liquidity (taking on more short-term debt). Always analyse trend, not just the point-in-time ratio.
Frequently asked questions
What is a good current ratio?
The common benchmark is 1.5 to 2.0 for manufacturing and industrial companies. Retailers and grocery chains often operate efficiently below 1.0 because they collect cash from customers before paying suppliers (negative working capital cycle). Technology and SaaS companies often run above 3.0. The meaningful comparison is always against industry peers, not an absolute number.
What is the difference between current ratio and quick ratio?
The quick ratio (acid test) subtracts inventory from current assets before dividing by current liabilities. This removes the least liquid current asset — inventory that may take months to sell. A company with $5M in current assets, $2M of which is slow-moving inventory, has a current ratio of 2.5 but a quick ratio of only 1.5. The quick ratio is a more conservative test of immediate liquidity.
Can the current ratio be negative?
No — both current assets and current liabilities are always positive numbers, so the ratio itself is always positive. A current ratio below 1.0 means current liabilities exceed current assets (negative working capital), but the ratio is still a positive number.